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Published: Jamaica Gleaner
Saturday April 4, 2015
http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20150404/impacts-benzene-public-health
By Dr Homero Silva
The Ministry of Health's acknowledgement of the highest benzene concentration ever recorded in Jamaica's air following the March 2015 fire at the Riverton dumpsite is only the tip of the iceberg.
The weak air-quality monitoring programme conducted by the National Environment and Planning Agency prevents the public from appreciating the real magnitude of Jamaica's environmental health problems, especially those related to poor solid-waste management. Air pollutants such as some of those from the 'Dirty Dozen' (dioxins, furans and PCBs), biphenol A and heavy metals are not measured, but they are more dangerous to health because they can accumulate in the body, especially in fatty and soft tissues.
Metals differ from other toxic substances in that they are neither created nor destroyed by humans. These pollutants will be dealt with in another article. This time, I will focus on benzene.
Background monitoring stations report concentrations of benzene from sources other than dump fires such as motor vehicle emissions, so the high-concentration event cannot be separated from the year-round low, but risky, benzene concentrations.
No Safe Exposure
The World Health Organization (WHO) considers benzene to be carcinogenic to humans. No safe level of exposure can be recommended. Using WHO estimates of the excess lifetime risk of leukaemia at an air concentration of 84 ug/m3, the estimate is 494 cases per million population.
Ontario regulations propose a 24-hour average standard of 2.3 mg/m3 for benzene based on the carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to benzene. The concentration of benzene at the Half-Way Tree Road background monitoring station was 7.87. Two weeks after the 2012 fire, the benzene concentration was 13. Therefore, background benzene concentrations in Jamaica EXCEED the Ontario standard. Jamaica does not have standards for benzene.
The risk of harmful health effects from toxic substances depends on many factors such as dose, health, age, adaptation, routes of exposure, frequency and duration of exposure (acute vs chronic).
Benzene is a carcinogen (causes cancer), mutagen (causes mutations in DNA), teratogen (causes birth defect), allergen (causes unnecessary immune response), neurotoxic (damages nervous system), and endocrine disruptor (interferes with hormones).
High concentrations of benzene cause the following short-term effects: drowsiness, dizziness, rapid or irregular heartbeat, headache, tremors and confusion immediately after exposure to high levels of the substance.
Long-term exposure to benzene causes other health problems like aplastic anaemia, excessive bleeding, reduction in the capacity of the immune system to fight infections, cancers, and chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes.
Other studies have also found that
- Benzene crosses the placenta and is present in cord blood in concentrations equal to or greater than maternal blood.
- Women exposed to benzene concentrations of 2.86 to 7.44 ug/m3 had a 2.3 odd ratio of having a child with neural tube defect (spina bifida) and a 1.28 odd ratio for having a child with anencephaly (improper formation of the top part of the skull and brain).
- Early-life exposure to ambient air pollution may increase the risk of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants.
- Increase in preterm birth or a decrease in biparietal diameter growth with maternal exposure to benzene or early exposure to aromatic solvents. Biparietal diameter is one of the basic biometric parameters used to assess fetal size.
- Benzene is fetotoxic (causes mutations in DNA) in mice and rabbits following maternal exposure by inhalation, causing a reduction in birth weight.
- Results of animal studies showed that benzene may cause Zymbal-gland (ear canal) carcinoma, oral-cavity tumours, skin cancer, lymphoma, lung tumours, ovarian tumours, and mammary-gland carcinoma.
- Dr Homero Silva is professor in public health, environment and climate change at UTech's School of Public Health and Health Technology. Email feedback tocolumns@gleanerjm.com.
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| President Barack Obama joins First Lady Michelle Obama on stage for a surprise visit during the Kids' State Dinner in the East Room of the White House, July 18, 2014. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza) |
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| William Beard Jr |
For Immediate Release
NIA calls on all responsible citizens:
· To speak out against improper and unlawful conduct in the management of public funds (as documented in recent official reports)
· Demand accountability from public bodies
· Insist on sanctions being applied against individuals found to be in breach of laws and regulations
The recent official reports are:
· The Annual Report of the Auditor General 2013/2014 in respect of National Solid Waste Management Authority (NSWMA): "NSWMA failed to table ten years Audited Financial Statements and Annual Reports in the Houses of Parliament". This failure breaches sections 12 and 13 of the NSWMA Act which requires such reports to be tabled annually so that the Parliament, the media and the public may know what is going on with the finances of NSWMA.
· The NSWMA failure is also in breach of the Public Bodies Management and Accountability Act, section 3 (3) which require the submission of Annual Reports and Audited Financial Statements. This Act ( section 25, (1) (a)) empowers the Attorney General to apply to bring before the Courts persons found in contravention of this section. This needs to be done in relation to all contraventions of the PBMA
· Office of the Contractor General (OCG) Investigation Report, February 2014 re NSWMA. This report documented the award of contracts "to unregistered contractors" and in an "irregular manner" in 2007/2008.
· Office of the Contractor General (OCG) Investigation Report, Hanover Parish Council (March, 2015). The OCG concludes "that there were instances of nepotism, favouritism and conflicts of interest involved in recommendations for the award of government contracts to relatives and persons affiliated with Ms. Shernette Haughton (then Mayor of Lucea). In some instances, "a complete verification of works executed is not conducted by the Hanover Parish Council".
· OCG Special Investigation Report, St. Thomas Parish Council (March 2015). The OCG concluded that "the award of contracts to One Touch Tours and Equipment Ltd by the St. Thomas Parish Council were in breach of section (4) of the OCG Act and the then applicable GHPPP" (November 2, 2008). Further the OCG concludes that this irregular award had "the potential to cause great and inordinate danger to human life … amounts to an egregious disregard for public safety and welfare".
NIA commends the Auditor General and the Office of the Contractor General for their courage and professionalism in reporting abuse in fulfilment of their roles as watchdogs over the proper use of public funds.
At the same time, despite these documented breaches of law and irregularity in the management of tax payers' money, no public officer responsible has been prosecuted, brought before the courts and/or fined for unlawful conduct. This is unacceptable, especially when other Jamaicans are being prosecuted, brought before the courts, fined and/or imprisoned for what on the face of it are lesser offences. The continuing impunity of so many persons in authority shall only be eliminated when the broadest cross section of responsible citizens and organisations – including the church, the private sector, professional associations, trade unions, youth and student bodies – demand that in these times of austerity taxpayers money must be prudently managed and the rule of law applied to one and all regardless of position.
-END-
Contact:
Trevor Munroe (Professor)
Executive Director
383-2447
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| Riverton Dump: our brave firefighters battle the result of poor planning |